A compact broadband microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX/LAN/Wi-Fi/WLAN applications

A broadband crucifix shape patch type microstrip antenna with rectangular modified ground plane has been presented. Two slots have been loaded on the rectangular ground plane and high gain wide-band response has been obtained. The -10dB bandwidth of the proposed antenna is around 6.3 GHz with a percentage bandwidth of 115%. Maximum positive gain of 4.32 dBi (measured) and multi operating frequencies at 2.46 GHz, 5.46 GHz and 7.52 GHz, respectively have been achieved. Different simulated antenna responses have been investigated with variation of slots dimensions and its position on the ground plane. The measured frequency band is 2.1 GHz to 8.88 GHz with a percentage of bandwidth 123.5%. The proposed antenna has been simulated using Ansoft designer software. Simulated results have been confirmed by measured results. The antenna is suitable for modern broadband wireless communication systems such as Bluetooth (2.4 – 2.485 GHz), WiMAX (3.4 – 3.6 and 3.7 – 4.2 GHz), LAN (5.47 – 5.725 GHz), WiFi 802.11y (3.6 – 3.7 GHz) and WLAN 802.11b/g/a (5.31 – 6.32 GHz)

Synthesis of Chiral Surfactants for Enantioselective Organic Synthesis.

The first step of the synthesis of the hydrocarbon-based chiral surfactant (2) involved the methylation of (S)-leucinol to give (2S)-N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-(1-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-pentyl)-2-ammonium bromide (2.92g, 67%). The chiral surfactant was synthesized by reacting (2S)-N,N-dimethyl-2-amino-4-methyl-1-pentanol (1) with bromohexadecane (2.06g, 71%). The functionalized styrene for the polymer supported chiral catalyst (6) was synthesized by reacting (1) with 4-vinylbenzyl chloride. The polymerization was carried out with 10% of the functionalized monomer (5) (1.26g, 70.2%), 5% cross-linking agent divinylbenzene, and 85% of styrene with AIBN as the initiator. The structure of each of the products was confirmed by using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The activity of the hydrocarbon surfactant and polymeric catalyst were examined by using them as additives in a standard reduction of 2-pentanone with sodium borohydride to yield (R)- and (S)-2-pentanol (3) (4gm, 25%). The resulting alcohol was then esterified with (2S)-methylbutyric acid with iodine as the catalyst and the ester was characterized

Neutrosophic Decision Making Model of School Choice

The purpose of this paper is to present single valued neutrosophic decision making model of school choice. Childhood is a crucial stage in terms of a child's physical, intellectual, emotional and social development i.e. all round development of a child. Mental and physical abilities of children grow at an increasing rate. Children particularly need high quality personal care and learning experiences

Neutrosophic Decision Making Model for Clay-Brick Selection in Construction Field Based on Grey Relational Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to present quality clay-brick selection approach based on multi-attribute decision making with single valued neutrosophic grey relational analysis. Brick plays a significant role in construction field. So it is important to select quality clay-brick for construction based on suitable mathematical decision making tool. There are several selection methods in the literature. Among them decision making with neutrosophic set is very pragmatic and interesting. Neutrosophic set is one tool that can deal with indeterminacy and inconsistent data. In the proposed method, the rating of all alternatives is expressed with single-valued neutrosophic set which is characterized by truth-membership degree (acceptance), indeterminacy membership degree and falsity membership degree (rejection). Weight of each attribute is determined based on experts’ opinions. Neutrosophic grey relational coefficient is used based on Hamming distance between each alternative to ideal neutrosophic estimates reliability solution and ideal neutrosophic estimates unreliability solution. Then neutrosophic relational degree is used to determine the ranking order of all alternatives (bricks). An illustrative numerical example for quality brick selection is solved to show the effectiveness of the proposed method

Rough Neutrosophic Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Based on Rough Accuracy Score Function

This paper presents multi-attribute decision making based on rough accuracy score function with rough neutrosophic attribute values. While the concept of neutrosophic sets is a powerful logic to handle indeterminate and inconsistent information, the theory of rough neutrosophic sets is also a powerful mathematical tool to deal with incompleteness. The rating of all alternatives is expressed with the upper and lower approximation operator and the pair of neutrosophic sets which are characterized by truth-membership degree, indeterminacy-membership degree, and falsity-membership degree

Neutrosophic Tangent Similarity Measure and Its Application to Multiple Attribute Decision Making

In this paper, the tangent similarity measure of neutrosophic sets is proposed and its properties are studied. The concept of this tangent similarity measure of single valued neutrosophic sets is a parallel tool of improved cosine similarity measure of single valued neutrosophic sets. Finally, using this tangent similarity measure of single valued neutrosophic set, two applications namely, selection of educational stream and medical diagnosis are presented

ROUGH BIPOLAR NEUTROSOPHIC SET

Bipolar neutrosophic set theory and rough neutrosophic set theory are emerging as powerful tool for dealing with uncertainty, and indeterminate, incomlete, and inprecise information. In the present study we develop a hybrid structure called “rough bipoar neutrsophic set”. In the study, we define rough bipoar neutrsophic set and define union, complement, intersection and containment of rough bipolar neutrosophic sets

Utjecaj negativnih iona na ionsko–akustične solitone i dvojne slojeve u relativističkoj plazmi

Korteweg–de Vries equation for a relativistic plasma consisting of electrons, positive ions and negative ions has been derived using the reductive perturbation method for the study of ion–acoustic solitary waves. Near the critical density of negative ions for which the nonlinearity of Korteweg–de Vries equation vanishes, the modified Korteweg–de Vries equation has been derived. Formation of double layers is analysed from the mixed form of Korteweg–de Vries and modified Korteweg–de Vries equations. Profiles of ion–acoustic solitons and double layers are shown for the plasmas having (H+, Cl−) ions, (H+, O−) ions, (H+, SF− 5 ) ions and (He+, SF− 5 ) ions.Izveli smo Korteweg–de Vriesovu jednadžbu za relativističku plazmu koja se sastoji od elektrona i pozitivnih i negativnih iona, primjenom perturbacijske metode za ionsko–akustičke solitonske valove. Za područje oko kritične gustoće negativnih iona izveli smo modificiranu Korteweg–de Vriesovu jednadžbu. Analizu stvaranja dvojnih slojeva načinili smo miješanom nemodificiranom i modificiranom Korteweg–de Vriesovom jednadžbom. Prikazujemo profile ionsko–akustičkih solitona za plazmu s (H+, Cl−), (H+, O−), (H+, SF− 5 ) i (He+, SF− 5 ) ionima

Rough Neutrosophic Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Based on Grey Relational Analysis

This paper presents rough netrosophic multiattribute decision making based on grey relational analysis. While the concept of neutrosophic sets is a powerful logic to deal with indeterminate and inconsistent data, the theory of rough neutrosophic sets is also a powerful mathematical tool to deal with incompleteness. The rating of all alternatives is expressed with the upper and lower approximation operator and the pair of neutrosophic sets which are characterized by truth-membership degree, indeterminacy-membership degree, and falsitymembership degree. Weight of each attribute is partially known to decision maker. We extend the neutrosophic grey relational analysis method to rough neutrosophic grey relational analysis method and apply it to multiattribute decision making problem. Information entropy method is used to obtain the partially known attribute weights. Accumulated geometric operator is defined to transform rough neutrosophic number (neutrosophic pair) to single valued neutrosophic number. Neutrosophic grey relational coefficient is determined by using Hamming distance between each alternative to ideal rough neutrosophic estimates reliability solution and the ideal rough neutrosophic estimates un-reliability solution. Then rough neutrosophic relational degree is defined to determine the ranking order of all alternatives. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed approach